ĭelays in the clinical diagnostic process incomplete or unclear prognostic information, and lack of a standard rehabilitation program are issues that may increase the patients’ frustration and the socio-cultural impact that FS has on their life. Based on the clinical findings, an appropriate diagnostic process should include: limitations of both active and passive Range of Motion (ROM) in different planes of movement, especially in external rotation at varying degrees of shoulder abduction, and a normal shoulder radiograph in order to exclude/eliminate any additional pathologies that may exist. These restrictions are usually unremarkable in radiographs of the glenohumeral joint, and there is no gold standard diagnostic test for this syndrome. Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder (FS) is often characterized by severe shoulder pain and functional restrictions of both active and passive shoulder motion. The SPADI demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity properties in a sample of patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder. Standard Error of Measurement values of 2.27 and 2.32 and Minimal Detectable Change values of 6.27 and 6.25 were calculated for pain and disability subscales, respectively. High test–retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient ) was found for pain (ICC = 0.989 ) and disability (ICC = 0.990 ). Internal consistency was good for pain (α = 0.859) and disability (α = 0.895) subscales. The CFA showed good values of all indicators for both Pain and Disability subscales (Comparative Fit Index = 0.999 Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.997 Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.030). The construct validity was satisfactory as seven out of eight of the expected correlations formulated (≥ 75%) for the subscales were satisfied. Internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and measurement error were also analyzed. Structural validity was assessed by a Two-Factors Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). SPADI scores were correlated with other outcome measures (i.e., Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire – DASH Numerical Pain Rating Scale-NPRS and 36-item Short Form Health Survey-SF-36) to examine construct validity. A sub-group of 29 patients were retested after 7 days. The SPADI was administered to 124 patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder.
The aim of this study is to explore the reliability and validity of SPADI in a sample of patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder. The Shoulder and Pain Disability Index (SPADI) is a widely used outcome measure.
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